锂电池泄露对大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性

[目的]研究锂电池泄露对大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性。[方法]选择大型蚤作为受试生物,进行纳米氢氧化镍对典型水生生物大型蚤的急性和慢性毒性试验。[结果]大型蚤对纳米氢氧化镍的耐受浓度随着时间变化差异很大,在24 h内大型蚤耐受浓度为0～3.83mg/L,在48 h内耐受浓度迅速降低至0～0.69 mg/L,而48～96 h后耐受浓度变化不大;纳米氢氧化镍在短时间(0～2 d)引起大型蚤死亡并引起大型蚤繁殖延迟。[结论]该研究为锂电池泄露后纳米氢氧化镍对环境的影响分析提供参考依据。     

藻—溞系统对凡纳滨对虾养殖水体调控效果的研究

取5000 mL灭菌后的凡纳滨对虾养殖尾水于5000 mL高压灭菌的烧杯中,分为10组,分别为蛋白核小球藻组(C1)、蛋白核小球藻+大型溞组(C2)、衣藻组(C3)、衣藻+大型溞组(C4)、隐藻组(C5)、隐藻+大型溞组(C6)、蛋白核小球藻+衣藻组(C7)、蛋白核小球藻+衣藻+大型溞组(C8)、衣藻+隐藻组(C9)、衣藻+隐藻+大型溞组(C10),每个处理组设3个平行。各藻种原始藻液25 mL,接种初始密度为1×10^( 8) 个/mL,大型溞密度为1个/L。试验烧杯置于25 ℃、3000lx和14L∶10D光暗比的培养箱内常规培养。每间隔3 d的10:00测定溶液的pH、溶解氧、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷和叶绿素a等水质指标,研究不同藻—溞组合系统对凡纳滨对虾养殖水体净化效果及其生长的影响。试验结果显示,各处理组藻类及大型溞均可正常生长,且藻—溞组合系统具有较好的水质净化调控效果,尤其是蛋白核小球藻+衣藻+大型溞组,至试验结束时其硝态氮、亚硝态氮和氨氮的去除率分别为82%、77%和99%;混合藻生长速度要低于单一藻培养,其中蛋白核小球藻组和衣藻组微藻的相对生长速率最高,分别为27.7%和26.9%;且蛋白核小球藻最有利于大型溞的生长繁殖,至试验结束时由5个增至88个,其次是衣藻,增至80个,而隐藻最差,仅增至59个。培养初期,大型溞的扰动作用能够促进藻类的生长,随着大型溞数量的增多,大型溞的牧食压力能够阻止藻密度过密,从而能够长久维持有益藻相的稳定。在本试验研究条件下,接种蛋白核小球藻、衣藻以及大型溞最适于养殖水环境调控,维持藻相稳定。     

废弃农药厂污染场地浅层地下水生态毒性诊断研究

选择大型溞、斜生栅藻、发光菌为试验生物,对某废弃农药厂污染场地4个不同区域土壤剖面浅层地下水编号为CP01、CP02、CP03、CP04的4种水样进行了急性毒性试验,同时对水样进行了化学分析。结果表明,4种水样对大型溞的24h-EC50分别为0.29%、5.12%、0.83%、1.99%;对斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别为11.04%、50.44%、12.21%、41.66%;对费舍尔弧菌的发光抑制率分别为95%、66%、88%、75%。化学检测结果表明,CP01中的主要污染物为苯系物与少量烷烃、烯烃类多种物质,CP02中的污染物质只有少量二氯甲烷与1,2-二氯乙烷两种物质,CP03、CP04中的主要污染物为苯系物与烷烃多种物质。毒性试验结果与化学检测结果具有较好的相关性,3种试验生物的毒性效应结果相一致。该研究方法简单快速,可以用于污染场地水样污染毒性诊断,快速筛选出敏感区域,同时提供污染物质的联合毒性基础数据,为场地进一步危害识别与风险评估提供依据。     

Ultrasonographic anatomy of the atlanto‐occipital region and ultrasound‐guided cerebrospinal fluid collection in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cerebrospinal fluid analyses are important for diagnosis of neurologic problems in rabbits and for translational research projects using rabbits as models. Blind puncture of the cisterna magna is the current standard technique for sampling cerebrospinal fluid in this species. However, the complexity and small size of the cisterna magna and surrounding structures are limitations of this technique. Aims of this prospective, anatomic, pilot study were to (1) describe the normal anatomy of the atlanto‐occipital region, (2) describe ultrasonographic anatomic landmarks, and (3) develop and evaluate a technique for ultrasound‐guided puncture of the cisterna magna for cerebrospinal fluid sampling in rabbits. Thirty healthy rabbits were included and the study was conducted in three stages. Three rabbit cadavers were used for the first stage of the study. Then, the second stage was completed using 13 rabbit cadavers. Finally, the third stage was completed in 14 live rabbits. The ultrasound‐guided puncture performed in 13 cadavers was successful at the first attempt in 10 cases, and at the second attempt in the remaining three cases. In the in vivo study, the ultrasound‐guided puncture was successful in all 14 cases, without signs of complications. Findings supported the use of ultrasound‐guided puncture of the cisterna magna as a safe technique that may be used routinely or when the sample of cerebrospinal fluid cannot be obtained with the blind technique in rabbits.     

Evaluation of a Multi-species Test System for Assessing Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Sediments and Water to Aquatic Invertebrates: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Daphnia magna and Chironomus prasinus (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Single-species toxicity tests are currently used as main tools for assessing effects in ecological risk assessments. Nevertheless, in higher-tier evaluations, alternative ecotoxicological methods can be required. Alternative methods should cover more realistic exposure conditions and/or additional species or endpoints. Water/sediment systems can be considered for covering additional exposure routes. A typical feature of water/sediment systems is the modification of exposure levels with time. The simultaneous exposure of different species within the same system can cover differences in sensitivity and relevance of exposure routes. The aim of this study was to develop a water/sediment test that could detect relevant effects on two selected species and explore the relevance of sediment and waterborne exposure routes. This alternative method may provide relevant information facilitating the design of microcosm and mesocosm studies.Methods   A multi-species water/sediment system was designed using two invertebrates: Chironomus prasinus a benthic detritivore invertebrate and Daphnia magna a pelagic filtering invertebrate was designed. Seven static water/sediments systems were built up: two controls and five treatments where sediments were spiked with NaPCP at nominal concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Each system contained caged and free (unrestrained) Daphnia magna organisms to consider differences in the exposure route (through sediment and/or water column) and Chironomus prasinus organisms. Fate and partitioning of PCP within the water/sediment compartments were assessed. Acute (lethality) and chronic effects (reproduction) for Daphnia magna were monitored after 48 h and 16 days of exposure, respectively. Adult emergence and oviposition success of Chironomus prasinus were monitored at the end of test (16 days).Results and Discussion   Mortality and reproduction inhibition of Daphnia magna occurred at the two higher doses, corresponding to maximum measured PCP water concentrations of 1.95 and 0.746 mg/l, respectively. Chironomus prasinus was less sensitive to PCP than Daphnia magna. Concentrations inhibiting reproduction and provoking almost 100% adult mortality in D. magna only reduced slightly the emergence and reproduction of chironomids. The experimental design focussed on suitability of the system for assessing simultaneously assessing effects on D. magna and C. prasinus instead of calculations of toxicity endpoints for PCP. The results indicate that this experimental design can be useful to the field of sediment/aquatic toxicity testing, particularly through the comparison with single- species results. Assessment of relative contribution of two exposure routes for Daphnia magna and complementary chronic endpoints derived from two different species can be achieved. Another advantage is that differences in reproduction strategies of selected species (sexual vs. parthenogenetic) should permit one to detect mechanisms of action associated to with endocrine disrupters.Conclusion   The feasibility of a two-species test built-up in an artificial sediment/water system has been demonstrated. This experimental design represents a cost/effective test which can assess effects through water and sediment pathways and incorporates several relevant chronic endpoints in a single assay. Recommendation and Outlook   By building on the experience gained, improvements for further test designs are discussed. Test validation with a set of model chemicals will contribute to address the effectiveness of the test developed as comparing compared to single- species tests.     

膦酸酯类除草剂及其对映体对大型蚤的急性毒性研究

本文以水生生物-大型蚤为试验生物，根据OECD所推荐的大型蚤急性毒性试验方法，研究了O，0-二甲基-1-（3-氟甲基苯氧乙酰氧基）乙基膦酸酯及其时映体对大型蚤的24h—LC50和48h—LC50。结果表明：Rac—Peng5、Peng5-pkl和Peng5-pk2对大型蚤的48h—LC50分别为1．29mg／L、0．61mg／L、0．69mg／L。三种形式的24h—LC50和48h—LC50毒性大小顺序为：Peng5-pkl〉Peng5-pk2〉Rac—Peng5。     

不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型蚤对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹发育和变态的影响

2003年5月20日至6月22日，研究了不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型潘对中华绒螯蟹发育和变态的影响。采用纯酵母（酵母组）、酵母添加10％豆油（豆油组）和酵母添加10％鱼油（鱼油组）三组饲料培养的大型潘作为大眼幼体发育到仔蟹Ⅳ期的生长和蜕壳的饵料。实验期间水温为室温，温度为20～24℃。结果表明，鱼油组培养的大型潘能显著地加速仔蟹发育阶段变态时间（缩短蜕皮周期），促进生长。其次为豆油组。酵母组最差。其加速变态的效果在仔蟹I期发育变态到Ⅱ期就显著表现出来。此外，鱼油组，豆油组与酵母组相比，相应仔蟹期的规格较大。脂肪酸组成分析显示，仔蟹脂肪酸的组成在一定程度上，反映了其摄食不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型滔的脂肪酸组成。鱼油组的仔蟹具有相对高的EPA，DHA和HUFA的百分组成，而豆油组培育的仔蟹由于大型潘中含有较高含量的C18：2，而致使仔蟹的C18：2具有最高含量。实验证实，饵料中高HUFA的含量，能显著促进仔蟹的生长和变态。PUFA，特别是C18：2对仔蟹变态和成活也有一定的促进作用。     

Control of ecosystem state in a shallow,brackish lake: implications for the conservation of stonewort communities

• 1. The alternative stable states hypothesis for the behaviour of shallow lake communities requires switches to transform clear-water macrophyte-dominated communities to turbid algal-dominated ones. Such switches have rarely been demonstrated experimentally. This study shows the role of rising salinity as such a switch while contributing a solution to the conservation problems of an important nature reserve.
• 2. Hickling Broad changed from a clear-water, charophyte-dominated lake to a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated lake in the early 1970s, probably owing to guanotrophication by gulls and to increased salinity from more intensive pumping of the agricultural land that separates its main inflow from the nearby North Sea. Following a decline in nutrient loading as the gull flock moved away, the plants began to return during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1998/99, the water cleared and charophytes, including some very rare species, were abundant.
• 3. This was welcome to conservation bodies, but the vigorous growth precluded competitive sailing and there were conflicts with the local sailing club. The plants, however, began an irregular decline in 2000, though nutrient loadings and other conventional chemical drivers have remained steady.
• 4. Our hypothesis was that the unstable nature of the plant community was linked to high salinity, and that if salinity were lowered there would be vigorous and reliable growth, enabling annual cutting of plants to allow sailing races. In an experiment using mesocosms, salinities straddling the current values in the Broad led to declines in plant biomass, macrophyte species richness and macrophyte Shannon–Weaver diversity through increased release of phosphorus from the sediments, increased algal turbidity and reduction of zooplankton grazer activity.
• 5. Stabilization of the plant community of Hickling Broad would be achieved by a reduction of present salinities by about 20%. This would be possible by use of existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (High Level Environmental Stewardship) arrangements or diversion of some pumped drainage water to the sea. There remain some uncertainties about the future of the area because of rising sea levels.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用藻-溞系统去除富营养水体中磷的研究

微藻对水体有明显的净化作用,探讨了在开放条件下蛋白核小球藻及蛋白核小球藻-大型溞修复系统对污水中磷的去除效果。研究表明接种8 h蛋白核小球藻对磷达到过饱和吸收,过饱和吸收量是（3.12±039）×10-10 mg/cell;接种量1.00×105 cells/mL～3.72×106 cells/mL无菌培养96 h对总磷的去除率达到75%;正常生长过程中藻细胞除磷量（饱和含磷量）为（1.46±0.05）×10-10 mg/cell;在每日补充营养盐的开放环境下,72 h～216 h藻细胞除磷量（饱和含磷量）稳定在（1.50±0.50）×10-10 mg/cell,微藻系统稳定运转时除磷量为（006±0.01）mg/（L·d）,此时藻密度为1.11×106～3.79×106 cells/mL。藻-溞修复系统表明,藻密度在928×105～1.60×106 cells/mL范围内,藻溞数量比为3.02×106∶1时藻－溞修复系统能稳定运行。     

角突网纹溞和蚤状溞作为泥鳅开口饵料的可行性研究

在水温（25±1）℃的条件下,以熟蛋黄为对照,研究了角突网纹溞（Ceriodaphnia cornuta）和蚤状溞（Daph-nia pulex）作为泥鳅（ Missgurnus arguillicaudatus）开口饵料的可行性。试验泥鳅为3日龄仔鱼,全长为（4.23±0.05） mm,体重为（1.21±0.01） mg,试验周期为20 d。结果显示：角突网纹溞组、蚤状溞组及蛋黄组泥鳅仔鱼的成活率分别为59.00％、38.67％和27.00％,三组之间的差异均达极显著水平;角突网纹溞组、蚤状溞组和对照组的泥鳅仔鱼全长分别为（26.43±1.96） mm、（28.30±7.64） mm和（12.74±0.15） mm,体重分别为（148.98±25.50） mg、（158.02±101.41） mg和（19.36±0.83） mg,两试验组间的全长和体重差异不显著,但均与对照组有极显著差异。结果表明,两种枝角类（尤其是角突网纹溞）作为泥鳅仔鱼的开口饵料,能较大幅度地提高泥鳅仔鱼的成活率,且可获得较大规格的鳅苗,在鳅苗的规模化人工繁育中具有较大的应用价值。